Investment Securities
Municipal bonds - two categories General obligation bonds: backed by full faith and credit of the govt. Can be paid from any source of revenue. Revenue bonds: can be paid only from certain funds.
Structured notes: FNMA, GNMA and similar institutions pool their securities, whose interest rates could periodically reset based on a reference rate. It has a cap and floor rate included in the agreement.
Securitized assets: Are backed by mortgage loans, auto loans, etc. of similar type and quality. Three categories - Pass thru', CMO, MBS. Pass thru' - backed by mortgage loans, removed from issuer's balance sheet. Interest and principal are 'passed thruough' to investors. CMO - Collateralized Mortgage Obligations are pass thru's divided into multiple tranches each with its own risk and interest rate. MBS - Mortgage backed securities are not removed from issuer's balance sheet. Interest and principal of loans are not connected to those of MBSs.
Stripped securities: Zero coupon bonds that are formed from either principal or interest of Tbonds or MBSs.
Source: Banking Management and Financial Services
Investment Portfolio of Banks
Uses:Stabilize income, offset credit risk exposure in loan portfolio, provide geographic diversification, provide liquidity, reduce tax exposure, hedge against interest rate risk, collateral, flexibility in assets portfolio, and dress up to make it financially stronger.Money Market (lesser than one year maturity) and Capital Instruments (more than one year maturity) are the two types of investments available for Banks.Crossroads account - since they stand between cash, deposits, and loans. Increase investment when there is excess cash, decreased loan demand, lesser deposits and vice versa. Investment securities held by banks FNMA, GNMA, FHLMC, municipals, Non-mortgage related asset backed securities.Factors involved in choosing investments: Tax exposure, rate of return, interest rate risk, credit risk, business risk, liquidity risk, call risk, prepayment risk, inflation risk, and pledging requirements
Source: 'Bank Management and Financial Services'
Labels: Investment portfolio of Banks